Power capital of China Culture and Characteristics (1)

 I. Introduction
since 1978, the Chinese community formed a new political culture capital Culture mm Power (Power-Capital Culture), which in the past two traditional Chinese political culture, namely, Confucianism (Confucius Culture) and the culture of the Chinese Communist Party (Communist Culture), together constitute the current political culture, the three basic elements, referred to as 3C culture. of 3C cultural hybrid and complex process and its characteristics, for understanding the present and future of China's political and social to have important significance. ()
This article first citizens of Western culture as a reference to explore the culture of Confucian culture and the common features of the CPC; then analyzed in the civic culture, the Culture of Confucian culture and a common catalyst, the power of China capital of culture after 30 years (1978-2008) formed a breeding some early features; then discuss this with inherent in traditional Chinese culture and national characteristics of a possible long? Finally, the paper will also analyze the power capital of China's democratic culture, the potential impact. ()
Garbriel Almond since the first time in 1956 to the political culture Since the definition of [1], there have been many schools of thought and interpretation, the author will be summarized into three major schools of thought: First, to Almond and Verba, led by political attitude, orientation, knowledge, psychology and religion, so they think the political culture is a subjective preferences of psychological and emotional rather than objective behavior, but they are also political action and institutional construction of the foundation. [ ,],[, not just individual psychology, attitudes and feelings; methodology, political culture is the questionnaire by means of empirical and objective inspection. [3] Third is the political rationality represented Wildavsky school, that political culture is a kind of rational behavior, rather than the subjective feelings of individuals or groups because of the political culture is born in society, rooted in the nation, its history and structure, not outside political preferences. [4] 50 years, the West the evolution of political culture theory is the direction of the macro to micro, from broad to narrow, [5] realized that rational behavior by the subjective, difficult to measure the orientation of the individual can observe and analyze national acts, as the political culture can be quantitative, predictable , laid the foundation for comparative studies. [6] ()
to the Western definition of political science applied to the study of Chinese political culture, we must first define the elements of Chinese political culture and meaning; on this basis, looking for between the elements of diachronic Synchronic and Differences; Finally, you can observe some specific examples of these elements of political reality and political system of China's influence and role, especially on possible Chinese civil society, democratic institutions and non-governmental organizations of action and reaction. Only through such studies, in order to determine whether China's political culture is a subjective approach, a communication of symbols, a rational behavior, or by key and have the three or mixed The combination and? ()
general, most countries in the world in a particular historical period by a strong political culture dominated society. However, after 30 years of reform through contemporary China, its political culture, a major feature is not a cultural element to all areas of .1949 years ago, led two thousand years of history which, basically dominated the Chinese Confucian culture; 1949 to 1978 period, the Confucian culture destroyed in the political campaign under the strong decline, on behalf of the stead of the Chinese Communist Party culture, it means for the implementation of power ruled China for 30 years; but in 1979 to 30 years in 2008, with the weakening of the Communist Party political Almighty, traditional Sinology and the revival of nationalism, Western citizens The introduction of culture, especially the power of capital and economic [7] of the popular, new culture began to shape the power of capital and lead to new and old elements of Chinese political culture, side by side with the deposit, checks and balances, affect each other. such a political culture of both the new features , but also contains a profound impact on the old political culture, China will likely civil society and non-governmental organizations have a significant impact. ()
must be noted that the structure from a diachronic perspective, the past 60 years, Chinese political culture At the micro politics (micropolitics) level emerged from Confucian culture of the Culture to Culture Change of the power of capital to the macro-political (macropolitics) has posed a challenge because the 3C significant cultural differences, it is difficult compatible; but on the other hand, from the synchronic structure, China's core values and political culture there has been no fundamental macro-institutional change, as a matter of fact 3C share many common cultural values, their growth and decline of intergenerational and interactive alternative view in the political (mesopolitics) level had a profound impact. [8] can be expected in the 21st century, 3C culture means the coexistence of old and new political culture more overlap and mixing, which formed a joint force, not only affects the political culture of China The structure and function, but also affect China's political system and political behavior. In the theoretical level, I think that the argument first, the political culture [9] or the first, the political system [10], as discussed first, the chicken or the egg, the discussion seems to be meaningless. because of China's reality show, 3C culture and political system is closely related and mutually dependent. For example, Confucianism is rooted in the Spring and Autumn Period, although the feudal system, but then centralization will Confucianism developed into a Confucian culture, making the specification, design and development of guidelines and the basis for centralized system; Mao's authoritarian political system, both the CCP benefit from Soviet political culture, but also to absorb the traditional Chinese political culture of centralization, which develop Unlike the Soviet model of a totalitarian system, and produce a corresponding political culture of the Mao era; the present authority is the power of capital and cultural capital of the product of economic and political integration, which promotes the further capitalization of power and capital for further the power of. ()
Second, citizens of Western culture and Chinese political culture to a profound understanding of the difference
the characteristics of Chinese political culture, it is necessary to discuss the content of Western civic culture, as a cultural reference for comparison. Citizen, Civil Society , are Western concepts of civic culture abroad. Citizens term originated in ancient Greek and Roman times, it is a status symbol, as distinct from slaves, representing the political rights of the Freedmen. Locke, Rousseau and others in 17 century, the elucidation of the natural rights of citizens to promote popularization of the term in the West. [11] In general, citizens and civil society built on top of the civic culture of the following three core concepts. ()
First, civic culture importance of personal freedom and individual rights, it is civic culture, the first meaning. individual freedom and rights of citizens of conduct exist life of the country, but also citizens of the source of power. civil rights and freedoms of the most concentrated expression of a democratic election and are the right to vote, no democracy, freedom is the freedom not guaranteed, and can only be a top-down gift and furnishings; the same time, a necessary condition for democracy, freedom, democracy without freedom is a sham democracy. Therefore, civic culture is the essence of personal freedom, rights and democracy in the Trinity, citizens have a natural freedom of speech, the right to adequate supervision and protected by law the right to democratic elections. [12] in order to reflect these freedoms, rights and democracy, civil society must form a public sphere, allows one to enjoy the common resources and common opportunities. [13] Civil society is organizations and the public to exchange views and coordinate actions of the space; [14] only the exchange of speech no action, it was only type of rash. ()
compatible with the rights of citizens, civic culture, the pursuit of equality, against the privileged. Freedmen as citizens is, so citizens should and must rid itself of personal attachment, political dependency, dependency and region dependent blood, not only promote equality before the law, and the pursuit of equality before the right. from the from the visible, civic and cultural leaders and civilians, founded on equality of personality, comrades and opponents of mutual respect, peaceful coexistence on the winner and losers. [ ,],[balance the community can produce visible and the invisible government power market power of the power of the third element; also form the executive, legislative, judicial, media and the market's sixth center of power, because when the executive abuse of power, legislative favoritism power, lack of impartiality of justice, the media can not be justice, responsibility and moral indifference of the market, the civil society nurtured by industry associations and non-governmental forces can effectively fill a fair, just, moral, public opinion and market the five-absence. [17] ()
Second, civil and cultural importance of personal participation in public affairs, sufficient emphasis on the taxpayer's ownership and civic obligations and responsibilities. [18] the participation of citizens in public affairs, including institutional participation (systemas general subject), put in (input object), output in (output object) and self-involvement (self as active participant). [19] Some scholars according to the situation in Italy, with the newspaper rate, community activities, participation rates referendum, and other indicators to reflect the rate of quantity and quality of citizen participation; [20] community service, volunteerism and fund-raising habits are also an important indicator of citizen participation. passive participation, limited participation, tired of participation, fear of involvement and participation in all civic culture to give up incomplete performance is the main difference between citizens and subjects. ()
Therefore, participation in civic culture hope to achieve fairness, justice and love, and nurture mutual assistance, cooperation, harmony and cultural habits, [21] reflects the value of their existence . that in fact a kind of responsibility, and civil rights and civic values are one of the two sides. Deliberative Democracy (Deliberative Democracy) is a participatory democracy that reflects. [22] Keith Faulks therefore considers that the term be conservative citizens Welcome to send and liberal common, ,],[, the cultural spirit of dialogue and communication, [24] in order to develop a common public goods (common public good) of the concept and spirit, to pursue common interests, the pursuit of the common denominator, promote civic and cultural commonality, and public welfare sex. [25] Moreover, in the pursuit of tolerance and common this time, the basic principle is that the majority, respect for minorities, the pursuit of win-win, winner-take-all is not, the loser is not drooling, and peaceful, nonviolent conflict of different interest groups The bottom line with the contest. ()
There is no doubt that the interest of commonality and unity of the totalitarian society, there are essentially different. The former is through the democratic vote and equal consultation mechanism to reflect the will of the majority of citizens, and can be sustained, regular communication, continuous change and improve the decision out of date and maintaining commonality of citizens is a dynamic equilibrium and dynamic process; and unified society, centralization of power and force by force the citizens of a common will show , lack of external and internal consultation dialogue mechanism and platform, and is the final word, full of rigid. [26] ()
the Western civic culture embodied in individual freedom and equality, social participation and tolerance, reason and the three major concepts spirit, rooted in the Confucian culture and Chinese society, the Culture (hereinafter referred to as 2C culture), there is a very clear contrast between the culture of limitless .2 C, very different, the focus of this paper is to explore the country, the relationship between society and the individual . Interestingly, 2C civic culture than Western culture, although surprisingly lag, but both internal and external wars, regime change, natural disasters, political revolution and economic changes, they can not destroy the indomitable 2C existence and continuation of cultural development , and they have maintained a considerable degree of homogeneity and consistency. ()
Overall, 2C in the following three elements of culture there are some links and common, and civic culture with the West in contrast .
first element is a national first, the leaders first, to maintain hierarchical order, to promote social stability. Confucian culture to promote national priorities, the collective as the most important, individuals subject to the family, the family subject to national, large unified culture is the Confucian ideal. one dollar in this political and social impact of unification, the traditional clan society of China only, there is no civil society, are territorial, tribal and cultural synthesis dependent, and its political culture is characterized by a kind of cultural subjects, and the civic culture completely different. [27] ()
surface, since the emergence of the so-called pre-Qin thought of the people, such as Mencius also for the people standing, The Theory of the Modern Civil Rights, said different, because Civil Rights advocate for the people, the people, by the people, and Mencius, respect, but never actually trust, but can not share with the people the right to rule, political power can and must be by its core but the central and local separation of powers, checks and balances central to local forces advocating power of the monarchy, individual rights and popular participation is still excluded, Xiao public power that xi not only anti-monarchy, also against public participation. [29 ] ()
must be noted that, in essence, the Confucian culture and the level of one dollar claims are intended to safeguard the authority of the supreme ruling order to maintain the stability, suppressing any possible public resistance and social unrest, which gave birth to the traditional Chinese social monarch and his subjects are different, seniority, promotion of so-called Book of Rites. Doctrine of the Mean, The explanation is: Two thousand years of Chinese political culture of family and clan is embodied the essence of despotism, which combines the law of ancient doctrine, Rule of Morality, family doctrine, such as the four elements of despotism; [33] Moreover, the is isomorphic to: the home is a microcosm of the country, the country is home to enlarge. this element of the unified centralized culture to an extreme, the establishment of the political (government) agency (will) one of the all-around system, leading to ubiquitous politics, no one is not political, pan-political phenomenon of ever-present politics, the types of existing social relations, including clan, guild, village society, the private sector, have been destroyed and replaced the national power. Thus, in the society between the individual and the State will lose the existing political culture of the soil, while the individual is loss of family and social protection, so powerful had to directly face the state and political parties. Since the state can not directly control nearly a billion individuals, so they designed and built numerous units, streets, commune, brigade, team, will force all individuals into one, [35] that are no longer the individual to obey the organization, to obey the national, state obey the CPC, the CPC leaders of the political culture of absolute obedience. Moreover, the units in cities and rural areas in the the individual's freedom. On the surface, Mao's Communist China to promote people are the masters, in fact shift the traditional national first dollar into the CCP leadership; subjects obey the sense of culture and not only does not disappear, but also in the national interest and the CPC will under the banner of the emergence of new forms of worship developed into a leader of imperial enthusiasm, leadership has become a concentrated expression of national will, Ke Qingshi Chinese leaders have raised, get rid of the political movement of farmers fear of ancestors and gods, but for them to establish a new idolatry. kinds of authority and a leader. ()
Although Mao era of the Culture of the family through a series of political movements to implement the revolutionary destruction of culture, but it just destroyed the traditional economic system and political behavior, and not in the culture deep-seated structure completely remove traditional culture. This kind of political force led to the establishment in the blood and the family on the basis of geographical and cultural temporary retreat, and give her seat on the surface party and class as the core of the Culture, but the level of authority and not substantial disintegration, differing only by the authority of the family into the main political parties into a political kinship relations, servility turned into the party spirit. Mao's communist revolution is only changing the political system of physical and material carrier, but did not eradicate the level of intangible cultural awareness and authoritarian; after all, at all costs to maintain social stability and the leaders of authoritarian rulers, the authority is eternal criteria. [39] Mao era to fully promote the Culture of the Confucian culture in order, rank and stability These three elements, the use of a powerful state apparatus, succeeded in maintaining the social structure of ultra-stable, relatively effectively suppress and control the social unrest and prevent a regime change. [40] ()
2C of the second culture element is to limit public participation, the implementation of obscurantism, advocates Duty Standards. is a heavy duty traditional Confucius and Mencius, light right. Shaoguang that ;, so that submissive, which condoned the dictatorship privileges, abuse of privileges, and further denied the right of individuals to participate in social welfare and freedom. that the traditional intelligentsia, there are admonition, and even death remonstrance tradition, their motivation is not a balance of power, but to help the rulers rule the people and society better, they just Queen's advisers and think-tank only; its essence, or servility, dependence psychology of political domination. [42] ()
Confucianism dominated Chinese traditional order is sequence pattern of individual rights and social obligation to force the boundaries blur or even disappear, or unity; large organizations and small personal relations is neither a ; mixed with each other, you have me, I have you, but to a large generation of small to large financial small by big with small, sheltered by a large small; the rights of individuals by family, clan, community and country to be representatives and gifts, [44] and personal waiver at the cost of families, communities and individuals in the state of political and economic protection. If the person tries to challenge authority, for rights, then families, communities and countries to cancel a matter of course the protection of individuals or subjects, or even disrespectful violations and punish acts of individuals, in order to prevent this kind of : State the reason why the protection of personal, individual countries must be subject to the premise; limited freedoms and rights can only be bestowed by the state, not by individuals to fight. ()
Maoist Communist culture also promote the obligation to obey, against the individual rights. At that time representatives of the popular Chinese tunic suit is a uniform culture, it also means using the power uniforms (verb) Peoples. [45] Moreover, Mao's Communist culture in general to promote obscurantism, the more reactionary ideas of knowledge, the purpose of is to make people stupid, and then the public into blind obedience to ignorance, and ignorance and bigotry of all is the ruler of the most easy to use tool to help the Chinese Communist leader Mao for their own interests will be people available to be rejected as mob. In the , exactly the same as the Culture and the Confucian culture, but the use of the Culture of the people and the ability and means to control much higher than the traditional culture, both to make people in the Great place, great debate This is the Mao of the Culture of a great genius. [47] ()
2C third factor is the culture of violence with violence, lack of tolerance of the culture and habits. Most of China's ancient imperial culture more receptive to Legalism The harsh punishment by strict laws; in order to maintain the rule of court politics are often willing to means of killing opponents, filled the reign of terror. [48] At this point, the Confucian and training from, and respectful, rather than a between the Government and the people, between the imperial minister to abide by the guidelines. On this issue, the implementation of a set of Confucian culture of double standards, that is, the wife of the husband to the husband wife can freely exercise the right to oppression; people on the officials to be , because of the , the difficult appear between the upper and lower tolerance of the culture. Despite the emergence of the new dynasty, in order to stop the pain, calm the rebellion, the rulers will generally give the implementation of policies, recuperate, but once recovered, will be further intensified the implementation of land acquisition, levy exorbitant taxes and levies, ultimately, force the peasants uprising again, regime change. Over time, people will only agree that the effectiveness of violence with violence, and the rulers believe that only violence can be more brutal social stability, to keep power. The life and death of the zero-sum game become the common fate of traditional Chinese dynasty. [50] Mao's Communist culture is advocating ruthless struggle and merciless blows, life and death, and the interpretation of this struggle between adults will be a , the so-called The drugs, heart of the ruthless, that are no less authoritarian rulers themselves. ()
Confucian and Communist China is a feature of culture: the lower is the wolf, is on the sheep; internally is the wolf, external sheep; [51] on the poor is the wolf, the sheep of the rich; for the weak wolf, a sheep of the strong. This dual nature of the sheep the wolf is the essence of a perfect exchange of cultural co-respected Confucianism and authoritarian Communist philosophy, Together, they believe in the power standard criteria: You have the power, I am your sheep; and I had power, you are my sheep. , but only can not make this political culture becomes a man. step is necessary so that the lessons of history are the usual suspects fighting to reclaim strongly encouraged. After all, between the Government and the people are steeped in the culture under 2C grew up, know retreat, tolerance can only be worse the disaster was . Thus, the two sides can do everything, sticking to the bottom line, while the enemy's mercy will be seen as cruel to their own. the principle of the Culture go further than the Confucian culture, because it combines the Marxist-Leninist principles of philosophy of struggle and violence, and strengthen the ideological dictatorship of the proletariat, a serious impediment to the cultivation of a culture of tolerance and growth. ()
2C based on the culture and the different characteristics of civic culture, can be found 2C culture and civic culture in general are two different value systems and ideas. In this regard, cultural pessimists believe that the natural exclusion of Chinese and Western cultures, fire and ice, ; no sound private, there can be responsible citizens; not normal private society, there can be a mature civil society [54] also suggested that the social class of Chinese political culture is characterized by a lack of civic culture, public space, public discourse, public awareness, public interest, the historical consciousness of public responsibility, from a sense of social justice and social care away from civil society far. [55] ()
contrast, the cultural optimism of those who believe that Chinese and Western cultures can be yin and yang, complementary, compatible and reasonable, rather than confrontation and exclusion; [56] They proposed state and civil society can be fuzzy. [59] ()
author neutral on this issue is a cultural commentators, neither pessimistic nor so optimistic. I think that citizens of Chinese political culture and Western culture are compatible with the exclusion there is considerable difficulty; China's political culture in the last 30 years did a structural mutation, replacement of creative transformation and historical, and civic culture rooted in the West and China began to occur 2C cultural contact, dialogue and exchange, and bred with Chinese characteristics new political culture, that is the power capital of culture. ()
Third, the power of capital and cultural characteristics: the right to political power and the simultaneous growth of the capital of China's power capital
culture can be defined as the combination of political power and economic capital, after the the formation of a subjective attitude, communication symbols and rational behavior. It is a variation of Chinese political culture and logic of historical continuity, but also by the power of capital in China since 1978, economic and cultural influence of Western citizens. must be pointed out that power capital culture 1978 years ago, both with close ties 2C culture, and self-contained, formed a relatively independent cultural awareness, ideas and code of conduct. ()
Since 1978, the Chinese community in the market, the global and diversification, privatization, the